Penguin HOW EUROPE UNDERDEVELOPED AFRICA By Walter Rodney

How Europe Underdeveloped Africa by Walter Rodney: A foundational text in post-colonial studies, Rodney argues that the "underdevelopment" of Africa was not a natural state but a deliberate result of European exploitation through the sslave trade and colonialism. He provides a rigorous historical and economic analysis of how wealth was extracted from the continent to fuel European industrialization, leaving African structures fractured.