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Wine set is the most primitive carrier of wine culture. Wine utensils include containers for wine, drinking utensils for drinking, and even tools for making wine in the early days. With wine utensils, before the wine enters our stomach, it will have a poetic mooring, a measured friendship, and a "deep feeling, a dull sip" and "a shallow feeling, licking and licking" seats. Between the sayings, there are the elegant events of the Lanting of "Maolin Cultivating Bamboo" and "Qushui Flowing", and the special affection of "Jade Bowl Brings Amber Light" and "Golden Bottled Wine to Ten Thousand". Li Bai fights wine in a hundred poems, the emperor will not get on the boat when he calls it".
Wine can be divided into yellow wine and shochu. Wine has different materials such as gold, stone, jade, porcelain, rhinoceros horn and odd wood. The quality of wine utensils can reflect the different identities of drinkers; the evolution of wine utensils can reflect the changes of the times. In ancient times, people drank blood and used fire to end this primitive way of life; the rise of agriculture enabled people to have food[1] for survival, and surplus grains were used to make wine. The appearance of pottery made people have cooking utensils. Beginning with cooking utensils, special drinking utensils have been differentiated. It is difficult to determine when the earliest special drinking utensils originated. The wine of ancient times, for this kind of wine, is not suitable for drinking, but edible. Therefore, the drinking utensils for consumption should be ordinary food utensils, such as bowls, bowls and other large-mouthed utensils. In ancient times, the main materials for making wine vessels were pottery, horns, bamboo and wood products.
As early as the Neolithic culture period more than 6,000 years ago, pottery similar to wine utensils appeared, such as the pottery of the Peiligang culture period.
(1) The pottery of the Hemudu culture period in the south can also remind people that the wine utensils in the Shang Dynasty should have a very long historical origin.
(2) The development of the wine industry and the noble identity of drinkers make it possible to differentiate wine utensils from ordinary eating utensils. The quality of drinking utensils often becomes one of the symbols of the status of drinkers. Full-time wine makers also came into being. A large number of wine utensils (brewing utensils and drinking utensils) have been unearthed in a tomb during the Dawenkou Culture period in Shandong today. According to the analysis of archaeologists, the deceased may have been a full-time wine utensil maker before his death. In the late Neolithic period, especially represented by the Longshan culture period, the types of wine utensils increased, the uses were clear, and there was a greater similarity with later wine utensils. These wine vessels are: jars, urns, bowls, cups, etc. There are many kinds of wine glasses, including: flat-bottomed cup, ring foot cup, high ring foot cup, tall handle cup, inclined wall cup, curved belly cup, and goblet cup.
Shang and Zhou bronze wine vessels
In the Shang Dynasty, due to the development of the wine industry and the improvement of the production technology of tin ware and bronze ware, Chinese wine utensils achieved unprecedented prosperity. At that time, there were also clans such as "Changsao" and "Tailsao" who specialized in making wine utensils. Although the drinking style of the Zhou Dynasty was not as good as that of the Shang Dynasty, the wine vessels basically followed the style of the Shang Dynasty. In the Zhou Dynasty, there were also "Zi people" who specialized in making wine utensils.
Bronze utensils originated in Xia. The earliest copper wine utensils discovered are Jue and bronze utensils of the Xia Erlitou culture period. They reached their peak in the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and declined in the Spring and Autumn. According to the "General Theory of Yin and Zhou Bronze Ware", the bronze wares of Shang and Zhou Dynasties are divided into four parts: food utensils, wine utensils, water utensils and musical instruments, with a total of 50 categories, of which wine utensils account for 24 categories. According to the use, it is divided into wine cooker, wine container, drinking container and wine storage container. There are also gifts. The shapes are rich and varied. But there are also basic combinations, which are mainly jue and goblet, the same shape, and its shape and style also bear the imprint of different historical periods.